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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
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Evolution and conserved functionality of organ size and shape regulator PEAPOD.

Ruth Cookson1, Somrutai Winichayakul1, Hong Xue1

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The PEAPOD (PPD) transcriptional regulator is functionally conserved across diverse vascular plants, controlling organ size. Its absence in grasses suggests complex evolutionary loss, offering insights into Poaceae evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant developmental biology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Molecular regulation of plant growth

Background:

  • The PEAPOD (PPD) complex regulates organ size and shape in core eudicots.
  • PPD orthologues are found across diverse plant lineages, but their functionality was unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conserved functionality of PPD orthologues across plant phylogeny.
  • To explore the evolutionary history of the PPD complex, including its loss in grasses.

Main Methods:

  • Constitutive expression of PPD orthologues from various species in the Arabidopsis Δppd mutant.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of PPD orthologues in plant genomes.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

  • PPD orthologues from diverse taxa, including lycophytes, gymnosperms, basal angiosperms, monocots, and dicots, complemented the Arabidopsis Δppd mutant, confirming conserved function.
  • Potential PPD orthologues were identified in bryophytes, suggesting an ancient origin.
  • Grasses (Poaceae) lack PPD genes, but related species possess them, indicating a complex loss event.

Conclusions:

  • The PPD regulatory module is functionally conserved throughout vascular plant evolution.
  • The loss of PPD in grasses is a complex evolutionary event requiring further investigation.
  • Studying PPD loss in Poaceae can illuminate the evolution of this important plant family.