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Related Concept Videos

G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Updated: Oct 4, 2025

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses
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cGAS-like receptor-mediated immunity: the insect perspective.

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  • 1Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|February 12, 2022
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The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is vital for detecting cytosolic DNA and activating immunity. New invertebrate research reveals its ancestral role in sensing infection and driving antiviral responses in insects.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The cGAS-STING pathway is crucial for innate immunity in mammals, sensing cytosolic DNA and initiating immune responses.
  • While its evolutionary origins in animals are recognized, its ancestral functions remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the cGAS-STING pathway in invertebrates.
  • To elucidate the ancestral functions of this pathway, particularly in immune signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cGAS-STING pathway in invertebrates.
  • Analysis of findings from model organisms like Drosophila (flies) and Lepidoptera (moths/butterflies).

Main Results:

  • Invertebrate studies establish the cGAS-STING pathway's role in sensing infection and triggering transcriptional responses and autophagy.
  • STING signaling is critical for antiviral immunity in insects, as shown in flies and moths.
  • Drosophila cGAS-like receptors exhibit plasticity, recognizing non-DNA ligands and producing diverse cyclic dinucleotides.

Conclusions:

  • The cGAS-STING pathway has ancient roles in innate immunity beyond DNA sensing, extending to infection detection and antiviral defense in invertebrates.
  • The pathway's components, like cGAS-like receptors, show evolutionary adaptability in ligand recognition and signaling molecule production.