Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

Prochirality

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

From mononuclear to pyrazine-bridged dinuclear samarium(iii) complexes: role of fluxidentate coordination in luminescent and thermal behavior.

RSC advances·2026

Same author

Regioselective synthesis, structural investigation and binding behavior of 6-aroyl-7-aryl-5-methyl-4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrimidines with BSA using various spectroscopic and <i>in silico</i> methods.

RSC advances·2026

Same author

Multicomponent catalyst-free regioselective synthesis and binding studies of 3-aroyl-2-methylimidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyrimidines with BSA using biophysical and computational techniques.

RSC advances·2025

Same author

Design and development of sulfenylated 5-aminopyrazoles as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase: exploring the implication for Aβ<sub>1-42</sub> aggregation inhibition in Alzheimer's disease.

RSC medicinal chemistry·2025

Same author

An indolium inspired portable colorimetric sensor for cyanide recognition in environmental samples with smartphone integration.

RSC advances·2025

Same author

Key molecular scaffolds in the development of clinically viable α-amylase inhibitors.

Future medicinal chemistry·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

Sonochemical Protocols for Heterocyclic Synthesis: A Representative Review.

Meena Devi¹, Rahul Singh¹, Jayant Sindhu²

¹Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India.

Topics in Current Chemistry (Cham)

|February 12, 2022

Summary

Green chemistry utilizes sonication to develop sustainable synthetic processes for heterocycles. This approach reduces energy consumption and hazardous chemical use, offering environmental benefits over traditional methods.

Keywords:

Catalyst-free Clay-catalyzed Heterocycles Ionic liquid Multi-component reactions Nano-catalyzed Solid-supported catalysts Sonication Ultrasound

More Related Videos

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Sonochemistry

Background:

Industrial chemical processes contribute significantly to environmental pollution and pose risks to human health.
The development of sustainable and environmentally benign synthetic methods is a critical goal for the chemical community.
Sonochemistry offers unique properties, including high pressure and temperature generation, making it a valuable tool for green chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the application of sonication in developing green and sustainable synthetic routes for heterocyclic compounds.
To provide mechanistic insights into sono-accelerated heterocyclic synthesis.
To compare the advantages of sonochemical methods with conventional approaches.

Main Methods:

Ultrasonic irradiation was employed to accelerate various chemical transformations.
Synthetic methodologies for heterocyclic core construction under sonication were investigated.
Mechanistic studies and comparisons with conventional methods were conducted.

Main Results:

Sonication significantly enhances heterocyclic synthesis, offering environmental and process-related advantages.
Ultrasound application reduces energy consumption, improves product selectivity, and minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals and solvents.
Specific sono-accelerated reactions discussed include aza-Michael, aldol reactions, C-C couplings, oxidation, cycloadditions, and multi-component reactions.

Conclusions:

Sonochemistry is a powerful tool for advancing green chemistry principles in organic synthesis.
Ultrasonic irradiation provides an efficient and sustainable alternative for the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic compounds.
Further development of sono-chemical methods holds great promise for environmentally friendly chemical production.