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Related Concept Videos

Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System

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The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing...
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Otto and Diesel Cycle01:27

Otto and Diesel Cycle

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An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the piston is moved completely down so that the cylinder is at maximum volume. By moving the piston up, adiabatic compression takes place. The spark plug ignites the gasoline-air mixture, and the burning fuel adds heat to the system at a constant volume. The heated mixture expands adiabatically and gets further cooled by exhausting heat, and this cyclic...
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Heat Engines01:10

Heat Engines

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A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam engine on an old-style train can produce the work needed for driving the train.
Whenever we consider heat engines (and associated devices such as refrigerators and heat pumps), we do not use the standard sign convention for heat and work. For convenience, we assume that the symbols Qh, Qc, and W represent only the amounts of heat transferred...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
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A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

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Multipurposing CARs: Same engine, different vehicles.

A K M Nawshad Hossian1, Christopher S Hackett2, Renier J Brentjens3

  • 1Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.

Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
|February 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows success in treating leukemia. Researchers are exploring its use in other immune cells for broader cancer and disease applications.

Keywords:
adoptive cell therapycellular immunotherapychimeric antigen receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has proven effective against B cell leukemia.
  • This personalized medicine approach involves genetically modifying a patient's T cells to target cancer cells.
  • Five FDA-approved CAR T-cell products validate its therapeutic power in oncology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To expand CAR T-cell technology beyond conventional T cells.
  • To address limitations of current CAR T-cell therapy in cancer treatment.
  • To explore applications of CAR technology in diseases beyond cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating CAR-redirected function in diverse immune cell lineages.
  • Conducting preclinical and clinical studies on novel CAR applications.
  • Leveraging insights from CAR T-cell therapy for broader disease targets.

Main Results:

  • CAR T-cell therapy is a validated and powerful anti-cancer drug.
  • Research is actively expanding CAR technology to new immune cells.
  • Studies are assessing CAR-redirected function in various immune cell types.

Conclusions:

  • CAR T-cell therapy represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment.
  • Expanding CAR technology to other immune cells holds promise for new therapies.
  • Lessons learned from CAR T-cell therapy can be applied to treat other diseases.