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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Quantitative Immunohistochemistry of the Cellular Microenvironment in Patient Glioblastoma Resections
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The epigenetic dysfunction underlying malignant glioma pathogenesis.

Sharvari Dharmaiah1, Jason T Huse2,3

  • 1Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology
|February 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic changes are key drivers in diffuse gliomas, transforming diagnosis and treatment. Understanding these molecular alterations offers new therapeutic strategies for these deadly brain tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropathology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Brain tumor diagnosis is shifting from histomorphology to molecular profiling.
  • Diffuse gliomas are the most common and lethal brain tumors.
  • Key molecular alterations in gliomas involve epigenetic dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major epigenetic alterations in malignant gliomas.
  • To explore the mechanisms of action for these alterations.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic targeting strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic dysregulation in gliomas.
  • Analysis of molecular profiling data.
  • Examination of pathogenetic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic alterations are fundamental to glioma classification and pathogenesis.
  • Specific epigenetic dysregulations drive glioma development.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways presents novel therapeutic opportunities.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dysregulation is a critical factor in malignant glioma development.
  • Further research into epigenetic mechanisms can lead to improved diagnostics and treatments.
  • Targeting epigenetic modifications offers a promising avenue for glioma therapy.