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Heterologous Immunity Between SARS-CoV-2 and Pathogenic Bacteria.

Peter J Eggenhuizen1, Boaz H Ng1, Janet Chang1

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|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterologous immunity explains COVID-19 severity variations. Bacterial peptide sensitization induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19 vaccination induced immunity to bacterial peptides, offering a new understanding of T cell responses.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2 vaccinecross-reactivityheterologous immunitymemory T cellpathogenic bacteria

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Heterologous immunity, where T cells from one pathogen response recognize another, is proposed to influence COVID-19 severity variability.
  • Understanding cross-reactivity between bacterial and viral pathogens is crucial for explaining diverse clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if bacterial peptide sensitization can induce heterologous immunity to SARS-CoV-2 peptides.
  • To determine if SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can induce heterologous immunity to bacterial peptides.
  • To explore the role of T cell cross-reactivity in COVID-19 severity.

Main Methods:

  • In silico prediction identified 6 bacterial peptides with sequence homology to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or NSP3.
  • In vitro co-cultures assessed T cell responses (cytokine production, activation, proliferation) after bacterial peptide sensitization.
  • Donor T cell responses were tracked before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination to measure cross-reactivity to bacterial peptides.

Main Results:

  • All tested individuals (n=18) developed heterologous immunity to SARS-CoV-2 peptides upon sensitization with bacterial peptides.
  • SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced heterologous immunity to bacterial peptides.
  • Identified T cell recall responses included IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2 production, CD69 activation, and CellTrace proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial peptides can induce heterologous T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can induce heterologous immunity to bacterial peptides.
  • These findings provide a mechanism for T cell cross-reactivity between bacteria and SARS-CoV-2, potentially explaining COVID-19 severity variance.
  • Demonstrated proof-of-concept for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination inducing heterologous immunity to bacterial peptides.