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Related Concept Videos

Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
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Infectious Agents and Stroke: A Systematic Review.

Alia Saberi1, Shahin Akhondzadeh2, Samira Kazemi3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Infectious agents like viruses (HCV, HBV, HIV), bacteria (Streptococcus mutans), parasites (Toxocara, Toxoplasma), and fungi (Rhizopus) are linked to stroke. Understanding these pathogen-stroke associations aids in infection control and stroke prevention.

Keywords:
BacteriaFungiInfectionStrokeViruses

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious diseases
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability globally.
  • Infectious agents are increasingly recognized as potential stroke risk factors.
  • Identifying pathogen-stroke links is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize evidence on the association between infectious microorganisms and stroke.
  • To identify specific pathogens implicated in stroke etiology.
  • To inform preventive strategies for stroke treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of major scientific databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) up to July 2018.
  • Inclusion of 16 relevant studies after rigorous quality assessment.
  • Independent data extraction by two reviewers to ensure accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Viruses including Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), and West Nile virus (WNV) are associated with ischemic stroke.
  • Bacterial (Streptococcus mutans), parasitic (Toxocara spp., Toxoplasma gondii), and fungal (Rhizopus sp.) infections also show reported links to stroke.
  • These findings highlight a diverse range of microorganisms potentially contributing to stroke development.

Conclusions:

  • The identified microorganisms play a significant role in stroke pathogenesis.
  • Preventive measures targeting these infections are essential for stroke management.
  • Further research into pathogen-specific stroke mechanisms can optimize treatment and prevention.