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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

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Apoptosis and Autophagy: Current Understanding in Tick-Pathogen Interactions.

Xin-Ru Wang1, Benjamin Cull1

  • 1Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.

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|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Pathogens exploit apoptosis and autophagy, key immune responses in ticks, to survive and replicate. Understanding these tick-pathogen interactions is crucial for controlling tick-borne diseases.

Keywords:
AnaplasmaEhrlichiaRickettsiaapoptosisautophagycross-talkintracellular pathogenstick

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Area of Science:

  • * Vector-borne disease research
  • * Immunology and microbiology

Background:

  • * Tick-borne diseases pose global health risks to humans and animals.
  • * Pathogen survival relies on evading or manipulating host immune defenses.
  • * Apoptosis and autophagy are critical innate immune pathways against pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review current knowledge on apoptosis and autophagy in tick-pathogen interactions.
  • * To explore pathogen strategies for manipulating these pathways.
  • * To discuss limitations and future directions in studying tick immunity.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of existing research on tick immunity, apoptosis, and autophagy.
  • * Analysis of pathogen mechanisms impacting host cell death pathways.
  • * Discussion of experimental challenges and future research needs.

Main Results:

  • * Pathogens actively modulate apoptosis and autophagy pathways for their benefit.
  • * These programmed cell death pathways are integral to the tick immune system.
  • * Understanding these interactions reveals pathogen survival strategies.

Conclusions:

  • * Apoptosis and autophagy play significant roles in tick defense against pathogens.
  • * Pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to exploit these pathways.
  • * Further research is essential for developing novel strategies against tick-borne diseases.