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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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A System to Create Stable Nanoparticle Aerosols from Nanopowders
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Particle aerosolization with energy devices: A comparative study.

Leonardo Ruiz Medina1, Omid Moshtaghi2, Jessica Kuang1

  • 1ENT Associates of San Diego San Diego California USA.

Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
|February 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thermal welding device (TWD) generates the least aerosolization during upper airway procedures compared to monopolar and bipolar electrocautery. Monopolar electrocautery produced the highest particle aerosolization, highlighting device-dependent differences.

Keywords:
ENTcepsSARS‐CoV‐2bipolar electrocauterymonopolar electrocauterythermal welding devicetonsillectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Technology
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Tonsillectomy and other upper airway surgeries often utilize energy devices.
  • Concerns exist regarding particle aerosolization and potential transmission risks during these procedures.
  • Different energy devices may produce varying levels of aerosolized particles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the degree of particle aerosolization produced by different energy devices used in tonsillectomy and other upper airway procedures.
  • To quantify aerosol burden across various particle sizes for each device.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated three energy devices: monopolar electrocautery, bipolar electrocautery, and thermal welding device (TWD).
  • Applied devices to fresh cadaveric cow tongue and porcine nose models.
  • Measured aerosolized particles using a calibrated electronic particle counter over 3 minutes, analyzing sizes at 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 5, and 10 μm.

Main Results:

  • The thermal welding device (TWD) demonstrated the lowest aerosolization burden among the tested devices.
  • Monopolar electrocautery exhibited the highest aerosolization exposure, with statistically significant differences at 0.5 and 10 μm compared to TWD.
  • Aerosolization from TWD was comparable to that of bipolar electrocautery.

Conclusions:

  • The type of energy device significantly influences the aerosolization burden during upper airway procedures.
  • TWD presents a lower aerosolization risk compared to conventional monopolar electrocautery in experimental settings.
  • Findings suggest TWD may be a preferable option for reducing aerosolization in surgical procedures.