Temporal Differences in Concussion Symptom Factors in Adolescents following Sports-Related Concussion

To evaluate temporal differences in concussion symptoms up to 30 days following a sports-related concussion.

Adolescent and young adult athletes (n = 782) were separated based on time since injury at presentation as Early (0-7 days; n = 321, age: 15.4 ± 1.9 years, 51.7% female), Middle (8-14 days; n = 281, age: 15.8 ± 2.2 years, 54.8% female), and Late (15-30 days; n = 180, age: 15.6 ± 1.8 years, 52.8% female). All participants completed the 22-item Post-Concussion Symptom Scale at first visit. A confirmatory factor analysis was completed separately for each time since injury cohort using a 4-component model reported previously.

The confirmatory factor analysis model fit was acceptable for Early, Middle, and Late (using cognitive-migraine-fatigue, affective, sleep, and somatic factors). Both affective (change = 0.30; P = .01; Cohen d = 0.30) and sleep (change = 0.51; P ≤ .001; Cohen d = 0.47) factors were significantly greater in the Late group compared with the Early, but not Middle, groups. The previously reported 4-factor symptom model, including cognitive-migraine-fatigue, affective, somatic, and sleep factors, was appropriate for adolescents up to 30 days' postinjury. However, adolescents who presented between 15 and 30 days' postinjury reported greater affective and sleep symptoms than those who presented within 1 week.

Clinicians should consider these temporal differences when evaluating concussion symptoms in adolescents, as greater affective and sleep symptoms can be predictive of prolonged recovery/persistent complications.