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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Equine Encephalosis Virus.

Sharon Tirosh-Levy1,2, Amir Steinman1

  • 1Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Equine encephalosis (EE), an arthropod-borne virus, has spread beyond southern Africa, indicating potential emergence of related pathogens. Monitoring EE virus (EEV) spread is crucial for animal health surveillance.

Keywords:
CulicoidesEEVclinical diseasecontrolepidemiologyequine encephalosis virushorse

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Arthropod-borne Diseases

Background:

  • Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, febrile disease of horses caused by the EE virus (EEV).
  • EEV belongs to the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family and is transmitted by Culicoides midges.
  • Seven EEV serotypes have been identified, with the virus first isolated in South Africa in 1967.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Equine Encephalosis virus (EEV) structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
  • To highlight the emergence of EEV into new geographical niches.
  • To emphasize the importance of EEV as an indicator for the potential spread of more pathogenic viruses.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on EEV.
  • Epidemiological data on EEV distribution and spread are analyzed.
  • Retrospective serological testing data are considered.

Main Results:

  • EEV was initially thought to be restricted to southern Africa but was isolated in Israel in 2008-2009.
  • Retrospective analysis revealed EEV circulation outside South Africa since 2001.
  • EEV has spread from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East, and India.

Conclusions:

  • EEV emergence in new regions signifies the potential spread of novel pathogens.
  • EEV, while typically causing mild disease, serves as a critical indicator for related, more virulent viruses like African horse sickness virus (AHSV).
  • The spread of EEV underscores the need for broad differential diagnoses during suspected outbreaks or clusters of clinical cases in horses.