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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Advances
Blanca Cucarull1, Anna Tutusaus1, Patricia Rider1
1Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer, continues to be a serious medical problem with poor prognosis, without major therapeutic improvement for years and increasing incidence. Fortunately, advances in systemic treatment options are finally arriving for HCC patients. After a decade of sorafenib as a standard therapy for advanced HCC, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), antiangiogenic antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have reached the clinic. Although infections by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus remain principal factors for HCC development, the rise of non- alcoholic steatohepatitis from diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome is impeding HCC decline. Knowledge of specific molecular mechanisms, based on the etiology and the HCC microenvironment that influence tumor growth and immune control, will be crucial for physician decision-making among a variety of drugs to prescribe. In addition, markers of treatment efficacy are needed to speed the movement of patients towards other potentially effective treatments. Consequently, research to provide scientific data for the evidence-based management of liver cancer is guaranteed in the coming years and discussed here.
Insights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) treatment is improving with new systemic therapies. Understanding molecular drivers and microenvironment is key for effective, evidence-based treatment decisions.
Area of Science:
- Hepatology
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant health issue with poor prognosis and rising incidence.
- Limited therapeutic advancements have historically challenged HCC management.
- Viral hepatitis (B and C) are primary causes, but metabolic syndrome and diabetes are emerging drivers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advances in systemic treatment options for advanced HCC.
- To highlight the evolving landscape of HCC etiology, including metabolic factors.
- To emphasize the need for understanding molecular mechanisms and the tumor microenvironment for personalized treatment strategies.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on systemic therapies for HCC.
- Analysis of etiological trends and their impact on HCC development.
- Discussion of molecular mechanisms influencing tumor growth and immune response.
Main Results:
- Introduction of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), antiangiogenic antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- Recognition of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as a growing contributor to HCC.
- Identification of the need for biomarkers to guide treatment selection and assess efficacy.
Conclusions:
- Advances in systemic therapies offer new hope for HCC patients.
- Personalized treatment approaches require deeper knowledge of HCC molecular drivers and microenvironment.
- Continued research is essential for evidence-based management and improved patient outcomes in liver cancer.
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