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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber
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Current Progress in Vascular Engineering and Its Clinical Applications.

Hatem Jouda1, Luis Larrea Murillo2, Tao Wang2

  • 1Manchester Medical School, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.

Cells
|February 15, 2022
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Summary

Tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) offer alternatives for coronary heart disease treatment when autologous vessels are unavailable. Challenges remain in creating clinical-grade, small-diameter TEVGs with long-term patency and biocompatibility.

Keywords:
induced pluripotent stem cellsischemic heart diseasemesenchyme stem cellstissue engineered vascular graftsvascular tissue engineering

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The Arteriovenous AV Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Surgery

Background:

  • Coronary heart disease (CHD) involves atherosclerosis-induced coronary artery narrowing.
  • Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) treats severe CHD, but autologous vessels are not always sufficient.
  • Tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are needed as alternatives, especially for small-diameter conduits (<6 mm).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status and challenges of tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for clinical applications.
  • To highlight advancements in materials and cell sources for vascular tissue engineering.
  • To discuss factors influencing TEVG biocompatibility and long-term patency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on TEVG development and clinical applications.
  • Analysis of scaffold properties (tensile strength, thrombogenicity, immunogenicity) and cell sources (mesenchymal stem cells, iPSCs).
  • Discussion of advanced material combinations (natural and synthetic) for TEVG fabrication.

Main Results:

  • Producing clinical-grade, small-diameter TEVGs with long-term patency remains a significant challenge.
  • Scaffold properties and cell source availability are critical limitations for TEVG production and function.
  • No TEVGs are currently commercially available due to these production and performance hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced technologies, including hybrid scaffolds and stem cell sources like iPSCs, show promise for vascular tissue engineering.
  • Addressing challenges in scaffold biocompatibility and cell sourcing is crucial for successful TEVG development.
  • Further research and development are needed to enable clinical translation of TEVGs for CHD treatment.