Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 3, 2025
06:33
Direct Detection of Isolevuglandins in Tissues Using a D11 scFv-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein and Immunofluorescence
Published on: July 5, 2021
2.1K
ISG15 and ISGylation in Human Diseases
Oygul Mirzalieva1, Meredith Juncker1, Joshua Schwartzenburg1
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC-School of Medicine, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
Cells
|February 15, 2022
Summary
Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is a crucial protein involved in immune responses and human diseases. Its dual role as a biomarker and therapeutic target highlights its significance in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Type I Interferons (IFNs) induce over 500 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs).
- ISG15 is an early ISG, functioning as a free protein or conjugated via ISGylation.
- ISG15 shares structural and functional similarities with ubiquitin.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the multifaceted roles of ISG15 and ISGylation in human diseases.
- To highlight ISG15's potential as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
- To trace the scientific journey of ISG15 from basic research to clinical applications.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of ISG15 research over three decades.
- Analysis of ISG15's structure, function, and conjugation (ISGylation).
- Examination of ISG15's involvement in various human pathologies.
Main Results:
- ISG15 expression is dysregulated in cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory conditions.
- ISG15 and ISGylation exhibit dual roles (inhibitory/stimulatory) in disease pathogenesis.
- ISG15 influences cancer cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, and drug sensitivity.
Conclusions:
- ISG15 is a "double-edged sword" with complex roles in disease.
- Elevated ISG15 levels in specific conditions suggest its utility as a biomarker.
- ISG15 and ISGylation represent promising therapeutic targets for various ailments.
Related Concept Videos
01:05Proteoglycans
4.1K
Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
4.1K
01:24Oligosaccharide Assembly
3.0K
Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
3.0K
01:25Protein Glycosylation
7.5K
Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Glycosylation occurs in...
7.5K
01:31Types of Intermediate Filaments
3.9K
The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
3.9K
01:22iPS Cell Differentiation
2.8K
The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
2.8K
01:15Activation of Integrins
3.7K
Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
3.7K