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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The Preparation and Properties of Thermo-reversibly Cross-linked Rubber Via Diels-Alder Chemistry
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RAFT-Based Polymers for Click Reactions.

Elena V Chernikova1,2, Yaroslav V Kudryavtsev1

  • 1A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia.

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|February 15, 2022
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Summary

This review explores combining reversible deactivation radical polymerization, specifically reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, with click reactions to create advanced functional polymers for diverse applications.

Keywords:
Diels–Alder cycloadditionRAFT polymerizationazide–alkyne cycloadditionblock copolymersclick chemistryfunctional polymersgraft copolymershybrid polymersthiol–ene and thiol–yne radical addition

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The convergence of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) and click chemistry has revolutionized synthetic polymer design.
  • These advanced techniques enable precise control over polymer architecture and functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synergistic combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click reactions.
  • To highlight the synthesis of well-defined functional polymers and their conjugation with biomolecules, drugs, and surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of RAFT polymerization techniques for synthesizing polymers with controlled molar mass and low dispersity.
  • Analysis of various click reactions applied to RAFT-generated polymers, focusing on functional group transformations.
  • Classification of literature based on macromolecular structures obtained via RAFT.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of successful conjugation of polymers with biomolecules, drugs, and inorganic materials.
  • Exploration of click reactions on leaving/stabilizing groups from chain transfer agents and monomer side groups.
  • Discussion of polymer architecture and self-assembly properties.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of RAFT polymerization and click chemistry offers a powerful platform for creating sophisticated functional polymers.
  • These polymers hold significant potential for applications in drug delivery, biomolecule conjugation, advanced coatings, and material science.