Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

374
Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
374
Gene Regulation During Sporulation01:17

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

126
Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
126
Fermentation01:29

Fermentation

120.1K
Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.
Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. During this process, the...
120.1K
Endospores and Sporulation01:20

Endospores and Sporulation

1.1K
Endospores are specialized, dormant cells primarily formed by Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus and Clostridium, enabling survival under extreme environmental conditions. Due to their unique composition and formation process, these structures are highly resistant to physical and chemical insults, such as extreme heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals. Rare instances of endospore-like structures have also been observed in some Gram-negative bacteria,...
1.1K
Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity01:28

Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity

226
Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration in a solution. It plays a critical role in determining water availability for organisms. Water moves across semipermeable membranes through osmosis, flowing from regions of lower solute concentration (more dilute) to regions of higher solute concentration (more concentrated).In high-solute environments, microbial cells lose water, leading to dehydration and inhibited growth. The extent to which water is available to microbes in such environments...
226

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Splicing time: How WRKY55 isoforms regulate ABA signalling to balance growth and stress responses.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

The dual role of PORC in chloroplast thermotolerance.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

When cold adjusts volatile metabolism: CBF4 and WRKY4 activator-repressor module controls nerolidol glucosylation in tea plants.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

Rainfall patterns during barley seed development underlie genomic variation for germination after flooding.

Plant physiology·2025
Same author

Advances in seed hypoxia research.

Plant physiology·2024
Same author

Plant quiescence strategy and seed dormancy under hypoxia.

Journal of experimental botany·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection
08:50

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Published on: May 13, 2018

7.4K

Cereal Germination under Low Oxygen: Molecular Processes.

Eva María Gómez-Álvarez1, Chiara Pucciariello1

  • 1PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Rice can germinate under low oxygen conditions by utilizing starch reserves, unlike barley and wheat. Understanding these molecular mechanisms aids in improving cereal crops for oxygen-deprived environments.

Keywords:
Hordeum spp.Oryza spp.anoxiabarleygerminationhypoxiaricesubmergence

More Related Videos

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica
08:09

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica

Published on: September 20, 2024

587
Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds
06:28

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

502

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection
08:50

Investigating Teliospore Germination Using Microrespiration Analysis and Microdissection

Published on: May 13, 2018

7.4K
Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica
08:09

Development of a Cabbage Protoplast System for Studying Hypoxia Tolerance in Brassica

Published on: September 20, 2024

587
Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds
06:28

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

502

Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Cereal crops exhibit varied tolerance to oxygen shortage during germination and seedling establishment.
  • Rice can germinate and elongate its coleoptile under anoxia and submergence, a trait linked to efficient starch utilization.
  • Barley and wheat, conversely, are sensitive to anoxia, likely due to an inability to metabolize starch effectively during early growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms of cereal germination and seedling establishment under oxygen shortage.
  • To compare the low-oxygen tolerance strategies of rice with the sensitivity of barley and wheat.
  • To provide insights for genetic improvement programs aimed at enhancing crop resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on molecular pathways.
  • Analysis of gene expression related to carbohydrate metabolism under anoxia.
  • Comparative study of rice and barley germination physiology.

Main Results:

  • Rice activates a molecular pathway involving sugar starvation and low oxygen to express alpha-amylases, providing essential sugars.
  • This pathway enables rice to successfully utilize starchy reserves for germination and coleoptile elongation under anoxia.
  • Barley and wheat's anoxia sensitivity is linked to their impaired capacity for starch use during germination.

Conclusions:

  • Rice possesses a unique molecular mechanism for germination under anoxia, contrasting with barley and wheat.
  • Understanding the molecular basis of rice's tolerance and barley's sensitivity is crucial for developing improved cereal varieties.
  • This knowledge can guide breeding programs to enhance crop performance in waterlogged or oxygen-limited soils.