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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Regional Terms01:12

Regional Terms

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Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the body parts into different regions that contain structures involved in contributing similar functions. Using these terms helps increase the accurate description and identification of the particular region of interest or region affected by the disease.
Primarily, the human body has two major regions, the axial and appendicular regions. The axial region comprises regions from the head to the abdomen and makes up the central body axis. In contrast,...
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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Treating Frozen Shoulder with Small Needle Knife Therapy
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Regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery.

Peter Marhofer1,2, Arpad Harkanyi3, Phil M Hopkins4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Orthopedic Hospital Speising, Vienna, Austria - peter.marhofer@live.com.

Minerva Anestesiologica
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regional anesthesia is recommended for shoulder surgery analgesia. Ultrasound guidance and low anesthetic volumes improve safety, while dexmedetomidine extends pain relief, optimizing surgical workflows and patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Regional Anesthesia
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Shoulder surgery is common, requiring effective analgesia.
  • Regional anesthesia is a key technique for managing surgical pain.
  • Ultrasound guidance enhances precision in regional anesthesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate regional anesthesia as the preferred method for shoulder surgery analgesia.
  • To explore the benefits of ultrasound guidance in regional anesthesia.
  • To assess the role of dexmedetomidine in prolonging analgesia and its side effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ultrasound for precise visualization of nerves and anatomy.
  • Employing low volumes of local anesthetics to minimize respiratory complications.
  • Administering dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to local anesthetics.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound guidance improves visualization of target nerves and surrounding structures.
  • Low-volume local anesthetics reduce the risk of phrenic nerve block and respiratory issues.
  • Dexmedetomidine addition prolongs the duration of analgesia with minimal hemodynamic side effects.
  • Optimized workflows lead to economic benefits through improved operating room utilization.

Conclusions:

  • Regional anesthesia, particularly with ultrasound guidance, is the preferred analgesic technique for shoulder surgery.
  • Low-volume local anesthetics and dexmedetomidine offer a safe and effective approach to shoulder surgery analgesia.
  • This approach enhances patient outcomes and optimizes resource management in surgical settings.