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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Bacterial Phylum Bacteroidota01:26

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The phylum Bacteroidota includes over 700 species classified into four primary orders: Bacteroidales, Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales. These gram-negative, non-sporulating rods exhibit saccharolytic capabilities and can be aerobic or fermentative, encompassing obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes. Many species display gliding motility, though some are nonmotile or use flagella. The genus Bacteroides is well-studied due to its significant role in...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Adsorbents as Antidiarrheal Agents01:20

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Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
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Bacterial Phylum Proteobacteria01:26

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Proteobacteria, one of the largest and most diverse bacterial phyla, encompasses a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria distinguished by their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides. These microorganisms exhibit various metabolic capabilities, including phototrophy, chemolithotrophy, and heterotrophy, and thrive in diverse environments from soil to aquatic systems and host-associated niches. The phylum is divided into six classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria,...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents01:17

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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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The consequences of <i>Shigella</i> medically-attended diarrhoea and other leading pathogens among young children living in high-burden settings: a multi-country prospective cohort study.

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Real-World Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccine Against Rotavirus Disease Among Children < 2 Year of Age in Mali.

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections
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Bacterial diarrhoea.

Karen L Kotloff1

  • 1Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial diarrhea remains a significant health concern, especially in lower-income nations. Emerging multidrug-resistant strains highlight the urgent need for new preventive strategies, including vaccine development.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rotavirus vaccines have reduced gastroenteritis incidence, shifting focus to other pathogens.
  • Norovirus is now a leading cause of gastroenteritis in developed nations.
  • Bacterial pathogens remain critical in lower-income countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review recent findings on bacterial diarrhea burden and complications.
  • Discuss advancements in diagnostics and the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Explore the potential of novel vaccines for prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on bacterial diarrhea.
  • Analysis of pathogen prevalence and antimicrobial resistance trends.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic tools and vaccine development pipelines.

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Main Results:

  • Bacterial pathogens like Shigella, Salmonella (NTS), Campylobacter, and E. coli (STEC, ETEC) are major causes of diarrhea globally.
  • Multidrug-resistant strains of Shigella, NTS, and Campylobacter are a growing international concern.
  • Effective antibiotic use is crucial, guided by current recommendations.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial diarrhea management involves supportive care, monitoring for complications, and judicious antibiotic use.
  • The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria necessitates a focus on preventive measures, particularly vaccines.
  • Vaccine development holds promise for mitigating the impact of bacterial diarrhea.