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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

A Novel Stromal Fibroblast-Modulated 3D Tumor Spheroid Model for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interaction and Drug Discovery
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Tumor: Stroma Interaction and Cancer.

Michael P Rogers1, Zhiyong Mi1, Neill Y Li1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.

Experientia Supplementum (2012)
|February 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to invade and metastasize. The tumor microenvironment, including immune and stromal cells, drives these changes, with cytokines like TGF-β playing a key role.

Keywords:
CancerImmunoeditingTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Tumor progression involves complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment.
  • The tumor microenvironment comprises heterogeneous cells, including immune cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells.
  • Cellular plasticity, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is crucial for cancer invasion and metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression.
  • To investigate the mechanisms driving cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
  • To highlight the involvement of specific cytokines in cancer metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis.
  • Exploration of the physiology of chronic inflammation, wound healing, and fibrosis in relation to tumor invasion.
  • Analysis of the roles of key regulatory cytokines, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and osteopontin.

Main Results:

  • The tumor microenvironment significantly influences the acquisition of cancer hallmark traits.
  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key cellular mechanism enabling cancer cell migration, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis.
  • Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and osteopontin are identified as critical cytokines regulating cancer metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer metastasis is facilitated by cellular adaptations within the tumor microenvironment, notably EMT.
  • Understanding the interplay between tumor stroma and cancer cells is vital for developing anti-metastatic therapies.
  • Targeting key cytokines like TGF-β and osteopontin may offer therapeutic strategies against cancer spread.