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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Structural model for amorphous aluminosilicates.

Lawrence V D Gammond1, Randall E Youngman2, Anita Zeidler1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|February 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model predicts amorphous aluminosilicate structure based on composition. It reveals how cation field strength influences aluminum coordination and Al-O-Al bonds, impacting glass network properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Amorphous aluminosilicate materials are crucial in various industrial and geological applications.
  • Understanding their composition-dependent structure is key to predicting their properties.
  • Loewenstein's rule, concerning aluminum avoidance in framework silicates, provides a baseline for structural analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an analytical model for the composition-dependent structure of amorphous aluminosilicates.
  • To investigate the influence of cation field strength on aluminum coordination and bonding.
  • To provide a predictive tool for structure-related properties under various conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a reaction-based analytical model with a single adjustable parameter.
  • Validation using 27Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments.
  • Analysis of magnesium and zinc aluminosilicate systems to determine the model parameter.

Main Results:

  • The model parameter correlates linearly with cation field strength, decreasing as strength increases.
  • Increased cation field strength leads to fewer fourfold-coordinated aluminum atoms and more Al-O-Al bonds.
  • The model accurately predicts the fraction of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) atoms for R ≥ 1.

Conclusions:

  • The model successfully captures the breakdown of Loewenstein's rule with increasing cation field strength.
  • An extension of the model for M2O3-containing glasses suggests roles for fivefold-coordinated Al and oxygen triclusters.
  • This model serves as a benchmark for predicting structural properties and their evolution in aluminosilicates.