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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Strong selection and high mutation supply characterize experimental Chlorovirus evolution.

Cas Retel1, Vienna Kowallik, Lutz Becks2

  • 1Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Bio-geochemistry, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Seestrasse 79, Kastanienbaum 6047, Switzerland.

Virus Evolution
|February 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study tracked the evolution of a large DNA virus and its algal host, revealing repeatable genetic changes and strong selection pressures. The findings enhance our understanding of aquatic virus evolution and ecosystem dynamics.

Keywords:
Chlorovirus PBCV-1genomicspredicted phenotypic effectrepeatable genomic changevirus evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The Phycodnaviridae family, globally abundant aquatic large double-stranded DNA viruses, remains understudied regarding its evolution.
  • Understanding viral evolution, including mutation, selection, and drift, is crucial for fundamental biological knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary changes in Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 during experimental coevolution with its algal host.
  • To identify genomic sites and genes under selection during this coevolutionary process.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental coevolution of Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 with its algal host over multiple generations.
  • Pooled genome sequencing of six independently evolved populations across five time points.
  • Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify genetic variation and repeatability.

Main Results:

  • Sixty-seven variable SNP sites were identified across six experimental replicates, with high repeatability.
  • Three genes (A122/123R, A140/145R, and A540L) exhibited an excess of variable sites, indicating potential targets of selection.
  • The viral populations were not mutation-limited and showed evidence of strong positive selection.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental coevolution provides insights into the evolutionary dynamics of aquatic large dsDNA viruses.
  • The findings contribute to a better understanding of the ecological roles and evolutionary processes governing these viruses in aquatic ecosystems.