Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same authorSame journal

Lyme disease in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026

Same authorSame journal

Pertussis in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2026

Same author

Public spending on immunisation in Poland.

Frontiers in public health·2025

Same author

Chickenpox in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025

Same author

Mumps in Poland in 2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025

Same author

Measles in Poland: 2022-2023.

Przeglad epidemiologiczny·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

Tetanus in Poland in 2018-2019.

Joanna Bogusz¹, Ewa Augustynowicz¹, Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz¹

¹National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance.

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny

|February 16, 2022

Summary

Tetanus cases in Poland remain very low due to vaccination, but adults over 60 are at risk. Booster vaccinations are recommended to maintain immunity against tetanus.

Keywords:

2018 2019 Poland basic vaccinations booster vaccinations epidemiology tetanus

More Related Videos

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Published on: May 23, 2008

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio

Published on: October 17, 2018

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

Published on: May 23, 2008

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Tetanus, a severe neurological illness caused by Clostridium tetani toxin, is preventable through vaccination.
Poland has achieved near-elimination of tetanus due to high vaccination rates in children and adolescents.
Fewer than 20 cases are reported annually in Poland.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze epidemiological indicators of tetanus in Poland.
To examine tetanus incidence and vaccination status in 2018-2019.

Main Methods:

Review of national infectious disease bulletins for 2018 and 2019.
Analysis of population immunization data from protective vaccination bulletins for 2018 and 2019.

Main Results:

Tetanus cases increased from 8 in 2018 to 17 in 2019.
The overall incidence rate rose to 0.044 per 100,000 population.
All reported tetanus cases required hospitalization.

Conclusions:

Tetanus cases in Poland predominantly affect individuals over 60 years old.
This age group's vulnerability is likely due to waning immunity from lack of adult booster vaccinations.
Maintaining high vaccination coverage, including adult boosters, is crucial for tetanus prevention.