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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

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Insight of Autophagy in Spontaneous Miscarriage.

Xue-Yun Qin1,2, Hui-Hui Shen1, Wen-Jie Zhou3

  • 1Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Biological Sciences
|February 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy, a cellular survival process, is linked to spontaneous miscarriage (SM). Moderate autophagy activation is crucial for pregnancy, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target for SM.

Keywords:
autophagydecidual immune cellsdecidualizationplacentationspontaneous miscarriagetrophoblast cells

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Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Spontaneous miscarriage (SM) etiology is often unknown.
  • Autophagy, a cellular stress response, is implicated in various diseases and potentially SM.
  • The precise role of autophagy in pregnancy establishment and maintenance is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role and mechanisms of autophagy in spontaneous miscarriage.
  • To explore autophagy's involvement in key pregnancy processes like trophoblast invasion and immune cell interactions.
  • To review potential autophagy-targeting treatments for SM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autophagy in pregnancy and SM.
  • Discussion of autophagy's upstream and downstream effects in placental development and maternal-fetal immune crosstalk.
  • Analysis of findings on aberrant autophagy in SM patient samples.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy plays a role in trophoblast invasion, placentation, and decidualization.
  • Autophagy regulates immune cell interactions at the maternal-fetal interface.
  • Aberrant autophagy has been observed in various tissues of SM patients, though findings vary.

Conclusions:

  • Moderate autophagy activation is essential for normal pregnancy.
  • Autophagy is a significant regulator and potential therapeutic target for spontaneous miscarriage.
  • Further research is needed to clarify inconsistent findings and optimize autophagy-based treatments.