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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

49
Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
49
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

58
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
58
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

539
Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
539
Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

67
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
67
Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management01:26

Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management

82
 The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses,...
82
Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

44
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
44

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Related Experiment Video

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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
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Sex Differences in Peripheral Artery Disease.

Maria Pabon1, Susan Cheng2, S Elissa Altin3

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (M.P.).

Circulation Research
|February 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects many, yet remains underdiagnosed, especially in women. Understanding sex differences in PAD causes, symptoms, and treatment is crucial for better diagnosis and care.

Keywords:
adultcardiovascular diseaseincidenceprevalencerisk factor

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology
  • Sex-Based Health Disparities

Background:

  • Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a widespread condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • PAD is often underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population.
  • Existing research indicates potential sex-based differences in PAD risk factors, clinical presentation, and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sex differences in PAD.
  • To highlight how these differences may impact diagnosis and treatment.
  • To synthesize information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of PAD concerning sex.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on peripheral artery disease.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data considering sex-based prevalence and risk factors.
  • Examination of studies investigating pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations related to sex.
  • Synthesis of data on treatment strategies and outcomes, stratified by sex.

Main Results:

  • PAD prevalence is similar or higher in women, but risk factor associations and clinical presentations differ by sex.
  • These sex-based differences may lead to delayed diagnosis in women.
  • Significant variations in treatment and outcomes between men and women with PAD have been observed despite available therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-based differences are evident across the spectrum of peripheral artery disease, from epidemiology to outcomes.
  • Addressing these disparities is essential for improving the diagnosis and management of PAD in all patients.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate and mitigate the impact of sex on PAD.