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New Insights into the Nucleon's Electromagnetic Structure.

Yong-Hui Lin1, Hans-Werner Hammer2,3, Ulf-G Meißner1,4,5

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Summary

This study combines space- and timelike nucleon electromagnetic form factor data using dispersion theory. Results offer a consistent description of experimental data and precise nucleon radii, agreeing with prior analyses.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • Nucleon electromagnetic form factors are crucial for understanding hadron structure.
  • Discrepancies exist between space- and timelike region data analyses.
  • Dispersion theory provides a framework to reconcile these different kinematic regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform a combined analysis of nucleon electromagnetic form factors in both space- and timelike regions.
  • To provide a consistent description of experimental data across the full momentum transfer range.
  • To precisely extract nucleon radii and other key observables.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dispersion theory for a unified analysis framework.
  • Employed the bootstrap method for statistical uncertainty estimation.
  • Systematic errors were assessed via spectral function variations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a consistent description of experimental data, respecting analyticity and unitarity.
  • Extracted nucleon radii with high precision, including the proton charge radius (r_{E}^{p}=0.840 fm).
  • Zemach radius and third moment align with Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The combined space- and timelike data disfavors a zero crossing for μ_{p}G_{E}^{p}/G_{M}^{p} in the spacelike region.
  • Findings support the validity of dispersion theory for describing nucleon form factors.
  • Future experiments can further probe form factor properties in the timelike region and perturbative QCD.