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Related Concept Videos

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Structural insights into piRNA biogenesis.

Jin Zhang1, Sizhuo Chen1, Ke Liu1

  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|February 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are crucial for gene regulation and defense. Recent research highlights numerous proteins involved in piRNA biogenesis and processing, offering new insights into their functions and disease relevance.

Keywords:
PIWI proteinPiwi-interacting RNASmall non-coding RNApiRNA pathwaypiRNAs biogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are key regulators discovered two decades ago.
  • Their roles span gene regulation, transposon silencing, and antiviral defense.
  • piRNA dysregulation is linked to various human diseases, including cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in piRNA biogenesis and functions.
  • To focus on the molecular mechanisms of piRNA processing by related proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on piRNA biogenesis.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms involving piRNA biogenesis-related proteins.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous proteins newly implicated in piRNA biogenesis.
  • Elucidation of specific molecular pathways contributing to piRNA processing.

Conclusions:

  • The field of piRNA biogenesis is rapidly expanding with new protein players.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for comprehending piRNA roles in health and disease.