Pleural Effusion/Empyema With Mycobacterium kansasii

Area of Science:

• Pulmonology
• Infectious Diseases
• Medical Case Reports

Background:

• Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections, particularly Mycobacterium kansasii, typically manifest as pulmonary disease.
• Underlying conditions like malignancy, HIV, and prior transplant increase susceptibility to Mycobacterium kansasii.
• Pleural effusion is an uncommon presentation of Mycobacterium kansasii infection.

Observation:

• A 56-year-old female presented with dyspnea and chest pain.
• Sputum cultures were positive for acid-fast bacilli.
• A CT scan confirmed a left-sided pleural effusion.

Findings:

• Literature review identified only 22 reported cases of Mycobacterium kansasii pleural effusion.
• This case adds to the scarce data on M. kansasii presenting with pleural effusion.

Implications:

• Clinicians should maintain a broad differential diagnosis for respiratory symptoms in immunocompromised individuals.
• Considering rare presentations like pleural effusion is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii.
• Further research may elucidate the mechanisms and optimal management of M. kansasii-induced pleural effusions.