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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Liver Physiology01:30

Liver Physiology

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Liver Regeneration01:24

Liver Regeneration

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

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COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction.

Nour Ibrahim1, Jad Hosri1, Yara Bteich1

  • 1General Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN.

Cureus
|February 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Abnormal liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), are linked to severe COVID-19 outcomes. Early identification of these liver enzyme abnormalities can help predict disease severity in hospitalized patients.

Keywords:
cholestaticcoronavirushepatocellularhepatotoxicliver function tests

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has strained global healthcare systems, necessitating methods for patient stratification.
  • Liver enzyme abnormalities are increasingly recognized in COVID-19 patients, but their prognostic value requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between liver function tests (LFTs) and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Lebanon.
  • To identify potential confounding factors influencing this relationship.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study involving 230 COVID-19 patients hospitalized between December 2020 and March 2021.
  • Analysis of liver function tests (LFTs) and other laboratory values at admission and peak hospitalization using SPSS.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of abnormal LFTs in severe COVID-19: AST 77%, ALT 49%, ALP 12%, GGT 37%.
  • Abnormal AST, ALP, and GGT levels at admission were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 infection (p < 0.05).
  • No significant relationship was found between peak AST levels and treatments received.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal liver function tests upon admission may serve as an early indicator of severe COVID-19 disease.
  • Identifying reliable predictors for severe COVID-19 outcomes is crucial for resource management during the pandemic.