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Related Concept Videos

Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis

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The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
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Chemiosmosis01:32

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Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins
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Recent Progress in Light-Driven Molecular Shuttles.

Bin Yao1, Hongfei Sun1, Lin Yang1

  • 1Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|February 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review explores light-driven molecular shuttles, advanced molecular machines. We detail their mechanisms, applications in areas like drug delivery and data storage, and future prospects.

Keywords:
catalysisdrug deliveryion transportmolecular shuttlesphotochemical reactionphotoinduced electron transferphotoisomerization

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Molecular shuttles are sophisticated molecular machines with potential applications across diverse scientific fields.
  • Their motion can be controlled by external stimuli, with light offering a non-invasive, remote-control option without byproducts.
  • Recent advancements have led to a surge in the development of light-driven molecular shuttles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of recent progress in light-driven molecular shuttles.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying light-induced molecular motion in these systems.
  • To highlight the diverse applications and future potential of this technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on light-driven molecular shuttles.
  • Detailed discussion of photoresponsive and non-photoresponsive mechanisms.
  • Analysis of applications in optical information storage, catalysis, and drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • Exploration of various light-driven mechanisms, including those utilizing different functional groups.
  • Demonstration of successful applications in areas such as optical data storage, organic reaction catalysis, and targeted drug delivery.
  • Identification of key strategies for controlling molecular motion with light.

Conclusions:

  • Light-driven molecular shuttles represent a rapidly advancing field with significant technological promise.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of light-induced motion is crucial for designing efficient molecular machines.
  • Future developments are expected to expand their applications in nanotechnology and beyond.