Harvesting Light from BaHfO₃/Eu³⁺ through Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Heat Stimulation: An Optically Multifunctional...

Materials with optical multifunctionality such as photoluminescence (PL), radioluminescence, and thermoluminescence (TL) are a boon for a sustainable society. BaHfO₃ (barium hafnium oxide [BHO]) under UV irradiation demonstrated visible PL endowed by oxygen vacancies (OVs). Eu³⁺ doping in BHO (BHOE) introduces f-state impurity levels just below the conduction band for both Eu@Ba and Eu@Hf sites, causing efficient host-to-dopant energy transfer, generating intense ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₁ magnetic dipole transitions (MDT) with internal quantum yield of ∼70%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance showed the formation of OVs in both BHO and BHOE samples with more vacancies in the doped sample. The positron lifetime measurements suggested that Eu³⁺ ions are distributed at both Ba²⁺ and Hf⁴⁺ sites. The association of OVs with Hf⁴⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions due to high charge/radius ratio is considered to be responsible for lowering the symmetry around Eu³⁺ ions to C _4v in BHOE. Density functional theory studies of defect formation energy justified the same. Time-resolved emission spectroscopy showed distinct spectra for Eu@Ba and Eu@Hf sites corresponding to symmetric and asymmetric environments, respectively. This could be highly relevant in designing color tunable phosphor by forcing dopant ions at one specific site because Eu@Ba displayed orange emission whereas Eu@Hf displayed red emission. We could further harness BHOE for X-ray scintillator application by designing a thin film, which showed efficient conversion of high-energy X-ray into visible light. Under beta irradiation; both BHO and BHOE showed distinct TL glow curves as shallow traps were formed in the former and deep traps in the latter, which could have long-term implications in harnessing this material for persistent luminescence. We believe that BHO/BHOE demonstrated an extraordinary credential as a perovskite for multifunctional applications in the area of defect-induced light emission, UV phosphor, X-ray scintillator, and TL crystals.