Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

282
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
282
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

228
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
228
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

262
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
262
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

279
Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
279
Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

Hallucinogens and Psychedelics

310
Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
Marijuana, derived from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, contains...
310
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

385
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
385

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeting the Carotid Body Function With Big-K<sup>+</sup>-Channel Blocker ENA-001 in Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression: A Scoping Review.

Pharmacology research & perspectives·2026
Same author

Effects of Selective Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Agonist, TRV045, on Evoked Pain Tests: An Exploratory, Four-Way Cross-Over Study in Healthy Volunteers.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2026
Same author

Combination of the BK-Channel Antagonist ENA-001 and Naloxone Is More Effective Than Either Agent Alone in Reversing Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Suppression in Rats.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to 'Morphine and hydromorphone pharmacodynamics in human volunteers: population-based modelling of interindividual response variability and utility' (Br J Anaesth 2026; 136: 1459-71).

British journal of anaesthesia·2026
Same author

Factors Associated With Concurrent Benzodiazepine and Opioid Use Following Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety·2026
Same author

<i>In Vivo</i> Detection of Nitrous Oxide in Blood and Saliva Following Recreational Use.

ACS omega·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
07:52

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Published on: June 2, 2015

12.1K

Ketamine Psychedelic and Antinociceptive Effects Are Connected.

Erik Olofsen1, Jasper Kamp1, Thomas K Henthorn2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Anesthesiology
|February 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Ketamine

More Related Videos

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

5.4K
Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
07:52

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Published on: June 2, 2015

12.1K
Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

5.4K
Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Ketamine is known for its analgesic and psychedelic properties.
  • A potential link between ketamine-induced analgesia and dissociation has been proposed.
  • This study investigates the pharmacodynamic relationship between these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the pharmacodynamic properties of ketamine-induced antinociception and psychedelic symptoms.
  • To test the hypothesis that ketamine's concentration-effect relationship and timing are similar for both analgesia and dissociation.

Main Methods:

  • Post hoc analysis of previously published data from 17 healthy male volunteers.
  • Escalating doses of S- and racemic ketamine administered on separate occasions.
  • Measurement of pain pressure threshold and changes in external perception, analyzed using population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling.

Main Results:

  • S-ketamine's pharmacodynamics for antinociception and external perception were similar, with no significant difference in potency or timing.
  • R-ketamine did not contribute to analgesia or psychedelic effects.
  • S-norketamine exhibited a minor antagonistic effect on both endpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Data support an association between ketamine analgesia and dissociation.
  • Further research is needed to explore functional connectivity in the brain underlying these ketamine effects.