The dilemma of Howard Hughes: paradoxical behavior in compulsive disorders

The history of Howard Hughes illustrates an unusual variant or end state of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in which a germ phobia coincides with the deliberate avoidance of cleaning and neglect of personal hygiene. We have reported on three patients who share similar symptomatology. In these cases, the coincidence of personal filthiness and a germ phobia appear paradoxical.