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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

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Germline specification from pluripotent stem cells.

Chunmeng Yao1, Ruqiang Yao2, Haining Luo3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.

Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|February 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Infertility research advances with in vitro germline specification. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can now differentiate into primordial germ cells (PGCs), enabling the study of gametogenesis and potential infertility treatments.

Keywords:
GermlinePGC specificationPluripotent stem cellsPrimordial germ cellsSignaling pathways

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The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Hepatic Progenitor Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Defined Differentiation System
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Hepatic Progenitor Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Defined Differentiation System

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Hepatic Progenitor Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Defined Differentiation System
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Hepatic Progenitor Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells using a Defined Differentiation System

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Infertility affects species propagation and evolution, with abnormal germ cell development being a significant concern.
  • In vitro germline specification using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offers a powerful model for studying gametogenesis.
  • Significant breakthroughs in the last decade have enabled the derivation of germ cells from PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the process of in vitro germline specification from PSCs.
  • To describe the reconstitution of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and subsequent meiosis.
  • To outline the signaling pathways and factors involved in germ cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on in vitro germline specification.
  • Description of methods for deriving mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into PGCs.
  • Explanation of strategies for deriving human PGC-like cells (PGCLCs).

Main Results:

  • Successful derivation of fertile sperm and oocytes from mouse ESCs via a PGC-based method.
  • Development of strategies to derive human PGCLCs mirroring mouse PGCLC derivation.
  • Identification of key signaling pathways and factors crucial for PGC reconstitution and meiosis.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro germline specification from PSCs is a rapidly advancing field with significant implications for understanding and treating infertility.
  • The PGC-based method provides a viable strategy for generating functional gametes in vitro.
  • Further research into signaling pathways will refine these methods for clinical applications.