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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shapes01:18

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
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Shells in CO2 clusters.

John W Niman1, Benjamin S Kamerin1, Vitaly V Kresin1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0484, USA.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|February 22, 2022
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Summary

Carbon dioxide (CO2) cluster stability shows a universal pattern across various conditions, revealing insights into binding energies and packing structures. This finding is crucial for understanding molecular cluster behavior.

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of molecular clusters is essential in various scientific fields.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) clusters are model systems for studying fundamental cluster properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the abundance spectra of CO2 clusters up to N ≈ 500.
  • To investigate the universality of cluster stability functions under different expansion conditions.
  • To determine size-dependent binding energies and packing structures.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of abundance spectra using the evaporative ensemble framework.
  • Acquisition of data under a wide range of adiabatic expansion conditions.
  • Determination of cluster binding energies and identification of shell closing sizes.

Main Results:

  • Cluster stability functions exhibit a universal pattern irrespective of expansion conditions.
  • Size-dependent cluster binding energies were determined.
  • Cuboctahedral packing ordering was confirmed for clusters with N > 130.
  • Variations in dissociation energies significantly impact cluster abundance.

Conclusions:

  • The universal stability patterns reflect inherent properties of CO2 clusters.
  • The study provides a detailed understanding of CO2 cluster formation and stability.
  • Findings contribute to the broader knowledge of molecular cluster physics and chemistry.