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Low Perinatal Androgens Predict Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity in Men.

Talia N Shirazi1, Heather Self1, Kevin A Rosenfield1

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Early androgen exposure influences childhood gender-role behaviors in males. Isolated gonadotropin-releasing-hormone deficiency (IGD) reveals that lower prenatal androgens correlate with less male-typical behaviors in boys.

Keywords:
androgenschildhood gender nonconformityisolated gonadotropin-releasing-hormone deficiencyopen dataopen materialssex differencessex hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Gonadal hormones significantly impact human behavioral sex differences.
  • Isolated gonadotropin-releasing-hormone deficiency (IGD) offers insights into early hormonal influences.
  • IGD involves reduced gonadal hormone production post-first trimester, with typical external genitalia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of early gonadal hormones in shaping childhood gender nonconformity.
  • To compare gender nonconformity in individuals with IGD versus typically developing individuals.
  • To determine the impact of androgen exposure on male-typical gender-role behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study comparing recalled childhood gender nonconformity.
  • Participants included men and women with IGD and typically developing controls.
  • Analysis considered undescended testes as a marker for low perinatal androgens.

Main Results:

  • Men with IGD exhibited higher levels of childhood gender nonconformity.
  • This nonconformity was more pronounced in men with IGD and undescended testes.
  • Women with IGD showed no significant difference in gender nonconformity compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Early androgen exposure after the first trimester is crucial for developing male-typical gender-role behaviors in childhood.
  • This finding highlights the organizational effects of hormones on behavior.
  • IGD serves as a valuable model for understanding hormonal contributions to sex-typed behaviors.