Recent Advances in Solid-Phase Extraction as a Platform for Sample Preparation in Biomarker Assay.

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Biomarker Discovery
• Environmental Science

Background:

• Analyzing low-level biomarkers in complex biological samples presents significant challenges.
• Effective sample preparation is crucial for improving the detection limits of bioanalytical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) and miniaturized SPE for biomarker determination.
• To highlight eco-friendly analytical approaches for biomarker analysis.

Main Methods:

• Solid-phase extraction (SPE) utilizing various sorbent materials (e.g., magnetic microstructures, polymers, membranes).
• Miniaturization of SPE for integrated analytical steps and reduced solvent consumption.
• Exploration of packing materials and magnetic SPE setups.

Main Results:

• SPE provides versatility, reduced solvent use, and compatibility with analytical instruments.
• Miniaturized SPE enables integrated, user-friendly, and efficient analytical methods.
• Various SPE sorbent designs achieve high surface-to-volume ratios for effective extraction.

Conclusions:

• SPE and miniaturized SPE are promising methodologies for high recovery and efficiency in biomarker analysis.
• Future perspectives focus on rational design and application of SPE in biological sample preparation.