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Related Concept Videos

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

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In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Three-Winding Transformers01:19

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Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
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Adjusting a Traverse01:12

Adjusting a Traverse

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...
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Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations01:25

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Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...
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Related Experiment Video

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W-Transformer: Accurate Cobb angles estimation by using a transformer-based hybrid structure.

Yifan Yao1, Wenjun Yu1, Yongbin Gao1

  • 1School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China.

Medical Physics
|February 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automated system for detecting spinal landmarks and measuring Cobb angles, improving scoliosis diagnosis accuracy. The W-Transformer model achieves high precision, offering valuable clinical insights for early detection and treatment.

Keywords:
Cobb anglelandmarkscoliosis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging Analysis
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Spinal Deformity Research

Background:

  • Scoliosis is a spinal deformity with potential severe health consequences, including paralysis.
  • Accurate Cobb angle measurement is crucial for assessing scoliosis severity and guiding treatment.
  • Current methods for Cobb angle measurement can be labor-intensive and prone to variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated system for precise landmark detection and Cobb angle estimation in scoliosis assessment.
  • To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of scoliosis diagnosis and treatment planning for clinicians.
  • To provide a reliable tool for objective measurement of spinal curvature.

Main Methods:

  • A novel W-Transformer framework integrating a CNN backbone and a transformer for landmark detection.
  • A reinforcement learning branch was employed to optimize landmark localization accuracy.
  • The system was trained and validated on the Accurate Automated Spinal Curvature Estimation (AASCE) MICCAI 2019 dataset, comprising 609 X-ray images.
  • An improved prediction module was utilized for fine-tuning landmark coordinates.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) of 8.26% for overall Cobb angle estimation.
  • Demonstrated superior performance in landmark detection with an average error of 50.89.
  • Reported specific SMAPE values for proximal-thoracic (5.27%), main-thoracic (14.59%), and thoracic-lumbar (20.97%) regions.
  • High Pearson correlation coefficients (0.9398 overall, 0.9489 PT, 0.8817 MT, 0.9149 TL) indicate excellent model reliability.
  • Variability in Cobb angle measurement was below 4°, signifying clinical relevance.
  • Achieved high sensitivity (0.9577) and specificity (0.8475) in diagnosing scoliosis (Cobb angle ≥ 10°).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed W-Transformer system offers a novel and effective automated approach for landmark detection and Cobb angle evaluation.
  • This technology can significantly benefit clinicians in the early diagnosis and management of scoliosis.
  • The system provides valuable navigation information for precise scoliosis assessment.