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Relative Risk

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...

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Correction to: Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper.

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Recommended Reference Values for Risk Assessment of Oral Exposure to Copper.

Alicia A Taylor¹, Joyce S Tsuji², Margaret E McArdle³

¹Exponent, Inc., 475 14th Street, Suite 400, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.

Risk Analysis : an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis

|February 23, 2022

Summary

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lacks an oral reference dose for copper. The EPA

Keywords:

Copper intake essential nutrient gastrointestinal irritation oral reference dose recommended daily values risk assessment

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Area of Science:

Environmental toxicology
Risk assessment
Public health

Background:

The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database lacks an oral reference dose (RfD) for copper.
Various health-based reference values for ingested copper exist for risk assessment purposes.

Approach:

A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted.
The scientific bases and assumptions of key reference values for ingested copper were summarized and compared.

Key Points:

The oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.04 mg/kg body weight/day derived by the EPA from their Drinking Water Action Level is best supported by scientific literature.
This value is primarily based on acute gastrointestinal effects.
Broader analyses of copper deficiency and toxicity provide additional support for this RfD.

Conclusions:

The EPA's derived oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.04 mg/kg body weight/day is the most scientifically supported value for ingested copper.
This value can guide the selection of appropriate reference values for risk assessment in the absence of a formal IRIS RfD.