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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
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Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Circular RNA in disease: Basic properties and biomedical relevance.

Xiaolan Chen1,2, Min Zhou1,2, Levi Yant3

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|February 23, 2022
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Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are versatile molecules with emerging roles in human diseases. Recent research highlights their diverse mechanisms and potential for clinical applications.

Keywords:
circular RNAclinical applicationnonimmunological disease

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed RNA molecules with diverse features and functions.
  • Recent advances illuminate circRNA biogenesis, nuclear export, and stability control.
  • Novel roles of circRNAs in human diseases are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional relevance of disease-associated circRNAs.
  • To explore the potential of circRNAs in clinical applications.
  • To provide a revised perspective on circRNAs in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on circRNAs.
  • Analysis of circRNA mechanisms in disease pathways.
  • Evaluation of circRNA-based clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • CircRNAs impact disease pathways via R-loops, miRNA/protein sponging, and protein translation.
  • Diverse pathological phenotypes are linked to specific circRNA functions.
  • Significant potential exists for circRNAs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

Conclusions:

  • CircRNAs represent a critical regulatory class with profound implications for human health.
  • Understanding circRNA functions is crucial for developing novel disease treatments.
  • CircRNAs hold promise for diverse clinical applications in disease management.