Simultaneous Phenol Removal and Resource Recovery from Phenolic Wastewater by Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation

Efficient pollutants removal and simultaneous resource recovery from wastewater are of great significance for sustainable development. In this study, an electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) approach was developed to selectively and rapidly transform phenol to cyclohexanol, which possesses high economic value and low toxicity and can be easily recovered from the aqueous solution. A three-dimensional Ru/TiO₂ electrode with abundant active sites and massive microflow channels was prepared for efficient phenol transformation. A pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.135 min^-1 was observed for ECH of phenol (1 mM), which was 34-fold higher than that of traditional electrochemical oxidation (EO). Both direct electron transfer and indirect reduction by atomic hydrogen (H*) played pivotal roles in the hydrogenation of phenol ring. The ECH technique also showed excellent performance in a wide pH range of 3-11 and with a high concentration of phenol (10 mM). Moreover, the functional groups (e.g., chloro- and methyl-) on phenol showed little influence on the superiority of the ECH system. This work provides a novel and practical solution for remediation of phenolic wastewater as well as recovery of valuable organic compounds.