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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Reprogramming cellular identity in vivo.

Sydney Leaman1,2, Nicolás Marichal1, Benedikt Berninger1,2,3,4

  • 1Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|February 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rewriting cellular identity in vivo is possible, with reprogrammed cells showing potential to treat diseases in animal models. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling this complex process.

Keywords:
Adeno-associated virusBrain repairDirect reprogrammingGlia-to-neuron conversionProneuralRegenerative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular biology and epigenetics
  • * Cellular reprogramming and regenerative medicine

Background:

  • * Cellular identity is determined by intricate genetic regulatory networks established during development.
  • * Advancements in molecular tools enable targeted manipulation of these networks in specific cell types.
  • * The potential exists to rewrite cell identity, unlocking diverse cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To synthesize key concepts in in vivo cellular identity reprogramming.
  • * To discuss recent advances and controversies in glia-to-neuron reprogramming.
  • * To identify knowledge gaps hindering progress in the field.

Main Methods:

  • * Review and synthesis of recent scientific literature on cellular reprogramming.
  • * Analysis of controversies surrounding glia-to-neuron reprogramming techniques.
  • * Identification of current limitations and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • * Evidence suggests in vivo cellular identity reprogramming is achievable.
  • * Reprogrammed cells have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating disease phenotypes in animal models.
  • * Significant controversies and challenges persist within the field.

Conclusions:

  • * While promising, the reprogramming of cellular identity requires further investigation.
  • * Addressing current knowledge gaps is crucial for therapeutic applications.
  • * Continued research is needed to fully understand and control cellular reprogramming for disease treatment.