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Related Concept Videos

Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function.

Rajprasad Loganathan1, Daniel C Levings2, Ji Hoon Kim1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|February 23, 2022
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Summary

Early cell growth during embryonic development is crucial for organ formation. The study identifies Ribbon (Rib) as a key factor regulating cell growth in Drosophila salivary glands and trachea by controlling ribosomal protein gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cell growth is well-documented in later developmental stages but poorly understood during early embryonic morphogenesis.
  • Evidence for cell growth during embryonic postmitotic morphogenesis is limited.
  • Tubulogenesis, the formation of tubular organs, involves complex cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of early cell growth in embryonic tubulogenesis.
  • To identify molecular mechanisms regulating embryonic cell growth.
  • To understand how cell growth is coordinated with organ development in Drosophila.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism.
  • Investigated tubulogenesis in embryonic salivary glands and trachea.
  • Analyzed the function of the BTB/POZ domain nuclear factor Ribbon (Rib).
  • Examined Rib's binding to ribosomal protein gene (RPG) promoters.
  • Performed in vitro binding assays and cofactor interaction studies.

Main Results:

  • Identified early cell growth as a key feature of tubulogenesis in Drosophila embryonic salivary glands and trachea.
  • Demonstrated that Ribbon (Rib) mediates this early cell growth.
  • Showed Rib binds to and is required for the expression of most SG-expressed RPGs.
  • Found Rib's in vitro promoter binding to be weak and non-sequence specific, implying cofactor-dependent specificity.
  • Confirmed Rib interacts with known RPG transcription regulators.
  • Discovered Rib-dependent cell growth in the embryonic trachea occurs independently of direct RPG transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Ribbon (Rib) plays a critical role in mediating early cell growth during embryonic organ development.
  • Rib regulates cell growth in the salivary gland through direct transcriptional control of ribosomal protein genes.
  • Rib-mediated cell growth in the trachea operates through a distinct mechanism not involving direct RPG transcription.
  • Transcriptional regulatory networks are customized to coordinate organ form and function through cell growth.