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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Space Communications
    • Atmospheric Physics

    Background:

    • Future spacecraft missions plan to use near-infrared lasers for free-space optical communication (FSOC), offering higher bit rates than radio frequency.
    • Atmospheric turbulence distorts laser wavefronts, posing a significant challenge for ground-space FSOC.
    • Adaptive optics (AO) systems, using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (SHWFS), correct these distortions but are affected by turbulence evolution and system delays.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel technique for measuring atmospheric turbulence profile layers using single-source SHWFS observations.
    • To determine the strength and velocity of turbulence layers from geostationary satellite downlink signals.
    • To validate the technique's ability to recover coherence time, a critical parameter for AO system performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) single-source observations, specifically from a geostationary satellite downlink signal.
    • Employed cross-covariance analysis of temporally offset SHWFS centroid measurements to disentangle turbulence profile layers.
    • Verified the technique's performance using simulated data to recover coherence time.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated a novel method to measure the strength and velocity of atmospheric turbulence profile layers from single-source SHWFS data.
    • Validated that the technique can accurately recover coherence time, with simulated data showing a 0.95 correlation coefficient between expected and measured values.
    • The findings suggest improved characterization of atmospheric conditions impacting ground-space optical communication.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique offers a promising approach for characterizing atmospheric turbulence relevant to free-space optical communication.
    • Accurate measurement of turbulence profiles and coherence time can enhance the performance and reliability of adaptive optics systems in ground-space laser links.
    • This research contributes to enabling high-bandwidth optical communication between Earth and future spacecraft.