Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
Published on: November 22, 2019
Cascaded vector vortex mode generation from a solid-state Raman laser
Abstract:
Cascaded vector vortex mode generation from a Ba(NO3)2 Raman laser cavity pumped by a vector LG0,2 green laser was demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. The generated Stokes outputs exhibited a second-order vector vortex beam as evidenced by linearly polarized flower-shaped spatial forms with four petals. The achieved optical conversion efficiencies of the first, second, and third Stokes outputs were 6.59%, 4.22%, and 0.11%, respectively, at a maximum pump energy of 3.6 mJ (360 mW).
Related Concept Videos
Standing Waves in a Cavity
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
MOSFET: Enhancement Mode
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no...
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

