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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

542
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy.

Qiang Sun1,2, Gerry Melino3,4, Ivano Amelio3,5

  • 1Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China.

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Summary

Cancer immunotherapy, including immune-checkpoint blockade agents, has improved patient survival. Novel strategies like tumor antigens and engineered T cells offer new ways to fight cancer, overcoming limitations of current treatments.

Keywords:
Cancer immunotherapyCancer survivalImmune check point blockadeKRasT cell receptorp53

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy is a significant advancement in cancer treatment.
  • Immunotherapy has improved patient survival rates, especially when combined with early diagnostic techniques.
  • Immune-checkpoint blockade agents are effective in patients resistant to standard therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery of classic immune-checkpoint blockade agents.
  • To summarize recent developments in novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
  • To highlight alternative approaches for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immune-checkpoint blockade agents.
  • Summary of recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Overview of novel strategies including tumor antigens, bispecific antibodies, and TCR-engineered T cells.

Main Results:

  • Classic immune-checkpoint blockade agents have been successfully developed.
  • Emerging immunotherapies show promise in overcoming limitations of existing treatments.
  • Tumor antigens, bispecific antibodies, and TCR-engineered T cells represent key novel strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer immunotherapy, particularly immune-checkpoint blockade, has revolutionized cancer care.
  • New immunotherapeutic tools are emerging to address challenges and improve outcomes.
  • Future cancer treatment will likely involve a combination of established and novel immunotherapies.