Diversity and Evolution of DNA Transposons Targeting Multicopy Small RNA Genes from Actinopterygian Fish

Dada is a unique superfamily of DNA transposons, inserted specifically in multicopy RNA genes. The zebrafish genome harbors five families of Dada transposons, whose targets are U6 and U1 snRNA genes, and tRNA-Ala and tRNA-Leu genes. Dada-U6, which is inserted specifically in U6 snRNA genes, is found in four animal phyla, but other target-specific lineages have been reported only from one or two species. Here, vertebrate genomes and transcriptomes were surveyed to characterize Dada families with new target specificities, and over 120 Dada families were characterized from the genomes of actinopterygian fish. They were classified into 12 groups with confirmed target specificities. Newly characterized Dada families target tRNA genes for Asp, Asn, Arg, Gly, Lys, Ser, Tyr, and Val, and 5S rRNA genes. Targeted positions inside of tRNA genes are concentrated in two regions: around the anticodon and the A box of RNA polymerase III promoter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relationships among actinopterygian Dada families, and one domestication event in the common ancestor of carps and minnows belonging to Cyprinoidei, Cypriniformes. Sequences targeted by phylogenetically related Dada families show sequence similarities, indicating that the target specificity of Dada is accomplished through the recognition of primary nucleotide sequences.