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Related Concept Videos

Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

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Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key...
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Types of Cement II01:22

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Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
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Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

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The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Multi-Objective Function Optimization of Cemented Neutralization Slag Backfill Strength Based on RSM-BBD.

Mingqing Huang1,2, Lin Chen1, Ming Zhang1

  • 1Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study optimizes cemented neutralization slag backfill for Carlin-type gold deposits. The research found that cement content is key to backfill strength, enabling a reliable method for material optimization.

Keywords:
Box–Behnken designmulti-objective optimizationneutralization slag with high mud contentresponse surface method (RSM)scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Mining Engineering

Background:

  • Tailings from Carlin-type gold deposits are fine-grained with high mud content.
  • Neutralized tailings (slag) can be used as a novel backfill material.
  • Optimizing backfill properties is crucial for mine stability and environmental management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of variable factors on the strength of cemented neutralization slag backfill.
  • To optimize the mixture proportion for enhanced backfill performance.
  • To develop a predictive model for backfill strength.

Main Methods:

  • Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken Design (RSM-BBD) was employed for experimental design.
  • Tested variables included slurry mass fraction, cement/(neutralization slag + waste rock) ratio (C/(S+R)), and waste rock content.
  • A modified three-dimensional quadratic regression model was developed to predict backfill strength.

Main Results:

  • The C/(S+R) ratio was the predominant factor influencing backfill strength across all curing ages.
  • Slurry mass fraction significantly affected the later-stage strength of the backfill.
  • The predictive model showed high coincidence with experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • The study identified optimal mixture proportions for cemented neutralized slag backfill: 58.4% slurry mass fraction, 32.2% waste rock content, and 20.1% C/(S+R).
  • The optimized backfill achieved strengths of 0.42, 0.64, and 0.85 MPa at 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively.
  • RSM-BBD and multi-objective optimization provide a reliable framework for evaluating and optimizing high-mud content neutralized slag backfill.