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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...
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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 2, 2025

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Multimode solitons in step-index fibers.

Mario Zitelli, Yifan Sun, Mario Ferraro

    Optics Express
    |February 25, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers generated multimode solitons in step-index fibers, observing energy transfer to the fundamental mode. This work advances understanding of nonlinear fiber optics and soliton dynamics.

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Fiber Optics
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers are crucial for advanced optical signal processing.
    • Multimode fibers offer potential for higher data transmission capacity.
    • Solitons, self-reinforcing light pulses, are key to stable pulse propagation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally generate and characterize multimode solitons in step-index fibers.
    • To investigate the dynamics of these solitons, including energy transfer and dispersion compensation.
    • To compare soliton behavior in step-index versus graded-index fibers.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental generation of multimode solitons using a step-index fiber.
    • Observation and analysis of soliton dynamics, including spectral shifts and energy transfer.

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  • Numerical simulations to model and compare soliton behavior in different fiber types.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful generation of stable multimode solitons where nonlinearity balanced chromatic and modal dispersion.
    • Observation of Raman self-frequency shift and gradual energy transfer to the fundamental mode.
    • Excellent agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions for both fiber types.

    Conclusions:

    • Step-index fibers can support stable multimode solitons by compensating for dispersion.
    • Energy transfer dynamics are significant for multimode soliton evolution.
    • Numerical models accurately predict multimode soliton behavior in both step-index and graded-index fibers.