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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Conventional optical assemblies in transceivers use mirrors and lenses, limiting miniaturization.
    • On-board integration requires compact optical engines for high-speed data transmission.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a low-loss optical assembly using a 90°-bent graded-index (GI) core polymer optical waveguide.
    • To minimize insertion loss in vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) based optical transceivers.
    • To enable subminiature optical engines for on-board integration.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a 90°-bent GI-core polymer optical waveguide considering VCSEL beam characteristics.
    • Fabricated waveguides using the Mosquito method with numerical aperture control.
    • Investigated gap filling with high-index resin to reduce coupling loss.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a total insertion loss as low as approximately 2 dB at 850 nm wavelength.
    • The total loss includes coupling, bending, and propagation losses.
    • Filling the gap between the waveguide and VCSEL chip with high-index resin reduced coupling loss by 5 dB.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optical assembly effectively replaces conventional components like mirrors and lenses.
    • The 90°-bent GI-core polymer waveguide offers a viable solution for low-loss optical connections in compact transceivers.
    • High-index resin gap filling is a promising technique for further reducing coupling losses in optoelectronic assemblies.