Research progress on neural crest cells and neurocristopathies and its pathogenesis

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are multipotent progenitor cells unique to vertebrates, and they have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cells, such as chondrocytes, neurons, and melanocytes. The formation, migration, and differentiation of NCCs are tightly regulated, and the disruption of NCC development results in abnormal embryo development. Neurocristopathies (NCPs) refer to a group of diseases that develop in response to abnormal development of NCCs. NCPs are of various types and exhibit complex phenotypes, which can affect many parts of the human body, such as the craniofacial structure, heart, intestine, and skin. NCPs negatively impact the physical function and mental health of the affected patients. NCPs account for one third of the defects in children with birth defects. Genetic factors are the main risk factors for NCPs, but environmental factors and abnormal gene-environment interactions can also lead to the development of NCPs. In this review, we introduce NCCs, NCPs, and their pathogenesis, so as to provide a reference point for a systematic understanding of NCPs and NCC development, and to provide scientific support for understanding the etiology of NCPs and their effective prevention and control.